{"id":15181860,"date":"2021-03-10T02:32:34","date_gmt":"2021-03-09T19:32:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/?page_id=15181860"},"modified":"2021-03-10T09:24:50","modified_gmt":"2021-03-10T02:24:50","slug":"section-2-the-impact-of-school-closures-in-the-region","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/education-and-covid-19-in-the-mekong-region\/section-2-the-impact-of-school-closures-in-the-region\/","title":{"rendered":"Section 2: The impact of school closures in the region"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><div>\r\n<div id=\"attachment_15181972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 722px\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15181972\" src=\"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/19758322042_7157ff5593_c-712x475.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"712\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/19758322042_7157ff5593_c-712x475.jpg 712w, https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/19758322042_7157ff5593_c-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/19758322042_7157ff5593_c-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/19758322042_7157ff5593_c.jpg 799w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 712px) 100vw, 712px\"><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Children at school in Lao PDR prior to the pandemic. Photo by Asian Development Bank via <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/asiandevelopmentbank\/19758322042\/in\/photostream\/\">Flickr<\/a>. Licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exp-col-content-holder\"><a class=\"expand-cnt-link\" href=\"#overview\">Overview<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"hidden-content\">\r\n<p>Long-standing issues have impacted the education systems of the Mekong region. At the core, the systems themselves are poor, from the infrastructure to the materials to the teacher training and capacity, particularly in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. Not all schools have handwashing facilities and electricity, and learning resources &ndash; textbooks, pencils, and notebooks &ndash; are also often lacking. Available textbooks are outdated. Natural disasters have exacerbated these inequalities, destroying infrastructure and learning resources.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF. 2020. Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan. Accessed September 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-1\" href=\"#ref-15181860-1\">1<\/a><\/sup> Even in the relatively more prosperous countries of the Mekong region like Thailand, the issue remains; decades of Bangkok-centred economic growth has translated into wide variance of resource availability across the country&rsquo;s 77 provinces.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Suthida Chang. 2020. Thailand&rsquo;s COVID-19 Education Crisis. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-2\" href=\"#ref-15181860-2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/3770050\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exp-col-content-holder\"><a class=\"expand-cnt-link\" href=\"#\">Factors adding to vulnerability: Teachers<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"hidden-content\">\r\n<p class=\"hiddenContentp\">Teacher training programs are poor, and in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar, few teachers are qualified.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF. 2020. Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan. Accessed September 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-3\" href=\"#ref-15181860-3\">3<\/a><\/sup> In all countries in the Mekong region, the digital literacy of teachers is low. Rote learning is a usual pedagogy in the region; in Thailand, there has been recognition that this type of pedagogy has not translated well into e-learning.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Rattana Lao. 2020. Pandemic is exposing the gaps in Thai education. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-4\" href=\"#ref-15181860-4\">4<\/a><\/sup> Pedagogies typically do not take into account different needs, including disabilities and language. In Cambodia, half of the poorest children cannot read a simple sentence, and over 40% of rural children in Lao PDR cannot read a simple sentence.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNESCO. 2020. World Inequalities Database on Education. Accessed December 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-5\" href=\"#ref-15181860-5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<style>\r\naside {\r\n  width: 40%;\r\n  padding-left: 25px;\r\n  margin-left: 25px;\r\n  float: right;\r\n  background-color: lightgray;\r\n}\r\n ul li {\r\n  list-style-type: none;\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  padding: 0;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<aside>\r\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/education-and-covid-19-in-the-mekong-region\">Education and COVID-19 in the Mekong Region<\/a><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/education-and-covid-19-in-the-mekong-region\/section-1-covid-19-actions-in-the-mekong-region\/\">Section 1: COVID-19: Actions in the Mekong Region<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/education-and-covid-19-in-the-mekong-region\/section-2-the-impact-of-school-closures-in-the-region\/\">Section 2: The impact of school closures in the region<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/education-and-covid-19-in-the-mekong-region\/section-3-recommendations\/\">Section 3: Recommendations<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"exp-col-content-holder\"><a class=\"expand-cnt-link\" href=\"#\">Factors adding to vulnerability: Rural Urban Divide<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"hidden-content\">\r\n<p class=\"hiddenContentp\">Inequalities exist for different students seeking to access education. The rural-urban divide is significant. For instance, many schools in rural areas are more likely to be lacking in electricity and handwashing facilities. In Myanmar, only 10% of rural students complete upper secondary school.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNESCO. 2020. Worldwide Inequalities Database in Education. Accessed December 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-6\" href=\"#ref-15181860-6\">6<\/a><\/sup> Similarly, the wealth gap impacts students in all the Mekong countries.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNESCO. 2020. Worldwide Inequalities Database in Education. Accessed December 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-7\" href=\"#ref-15181860-7\">7<\/a><\/sup> For instance, in Myanmar, 45% of the richest in the population complete their upper secondary schooling, while only 2% of the poorest do so.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNESCO. 2020. Worldwide Inequalities Database in Education. Accessed December 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-8\" href=\"#ref-15181860-8\">8<\/a><\/sup> Rural students are also more likely to be poor and identify as an ethnic minority. The data also indicates that there are gaps in accessing education when considering ethnicity, location, and religion.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNESCO. 2020. Worldwide Inequalities Database in Education. Accessed December 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-9\" href=\"#ref-15181860-9\">9<\/a><\/sup> For instance, even in locations like Cambodia, where multilingual learning has been institutionalized,<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-10\" href=\"#ref-15181860-10\">10<\/a><\/sup> it has been noted that children from minority language groups still face difficulties in accessing education.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-11\" href=\"#ref-15181860-11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exp-col-content-holder\"><a class=\"expand-cnt-link\" href=\"#\">Factors adding to vulnerability: Gendered cultural norms<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"hidden-content\">\r\n<p class=\"hiddenContentp\">Gendered cultural norms in the region also impact the ability of girls to access education, as well as the tools to support their learning. Girls are less likely to attend school to begin with and are more likely to be taken out of school for a variety of reasons if they do attend. One major reason is poverty. Instead, child marriage, which predominantly impacts poor rural girls, is an unfortunate and likely outcome; it is expected that the number of child marriages will increase due to the economic downturn associated with COVID-19, as well as resulting from lockdown pregnancies, further preventing girls from returning to school.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Harriet Grant. 2020. Why Covid school closures are making girls marry early. Accessed September 14, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-12\" href=\"#ref-15181860-12\">12<\/a><\/sup> If girls do attend school, cultural expectations often require girls to prioritize housework and caregiving responsibilities over schoolwork, and cultural preferences for boys<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Open Development Mekong. SDG 4 Quality Education. Accessed November 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-13\" href=\"#ref-15181860-13\">13<\/a><\/sup> means that if a family only has one computer or smartphone, male children are more likely to receive priority and unquestioned access. Gender stereotypes include that women are not smart enough to learn science or other technical skills, as well as that women should focus on activities and skills tied to caregiving, housekeeping, and being gentle and quiet. This translates into girls being dissuaded or prevented from learning science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. In some countries in the region, more girls complete primary school than boys, but this does not carry on throughout all school years. Generally speaking, gender inequality characterizes educational attainment in the region.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Open Development Mekong. SDG 4 Quality Education. Accessed November 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-14\" href=\"#ref-15181860-14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/3768238\" data-url=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/3768238\/embed\" aria-label=\"\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exp-col-content-holder\"><a class=\"expand-cnt-link\" href=\"#\">Impact of vulnerability factors on marginalized children<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"hidden-content\">\r\n<p class=\"hiddenContentp\">All of these factors have a cumulative impact on marginalized children &ndash; migrants, rural and urban poor, Indigenous Peoples and ethnic minorities, children with disabilities, and girls &ndash; meaning that they are less likely to attend school at all, and if they do attend school, to finish their schooling. Even ethnic minorities in Vietnam, a country with a comparatively high-quality system of education in the region, have less access to education, a higher dropout rate, and later school enrolment.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Le Thi Hong Giang and Ngo Thi Thanh Huong. 2020. CARE Rapid Gender Analysis for COVID-19 Vietnam. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-15\" href=\"#ref-15181860-15\">15<\/a><\/sup> This has a cumulative impact on the level of education in the Mekong. For example, statistics indicate that as many as 5% of even the richest of the population in Cambodia and Myanmar ages 20-24 have less than 4 years of schooling.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNESCO. 2020. Worldwide Inequaities Database in Education. Accessed December 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-16\" href=\"#ref-15181860-16\">16<\/a><\/sup> The situation for the poorest in Cambodia, Myanmar and Lao PDR is similarly dire: almost 40% of the poorest ages 20-24 have less than 4 years of schooling.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNESCO. 2020. Worldwide Inequaities Database in Education. Accessed December 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-17\" href=\"#ref-15181860-17\">17<\/a><\/sup> Those living in regions that are primarily populated by ethnic minorities (such as Northeastern Cambodia, Shan State in Myanmar, and the Central Highlands in Vietnam) also were less likely to have attended more than 4 years of schooling than people in other locations.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNESCO. 2020. Worldwide Inequaities Database in Education. Accessed December 15, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-18\" href=\"#ref-15181860-18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exp-col-content-holder\"><a class=\"expand-cnt-link\" href=\"#\">Impact due to COVID-19<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"hidden-content\">\r\n<p class=\"hiddenContentp\">The changes to education due to the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these already significant difficulties in the provision of education to all children. School administrators, educators, and parents, unprepared to take on the additional work of supporting learning from home, have been unable to do so effectively. In Cambodia, parents reported being unaware of existing e-learning platforms and ministry announcements on e-learning<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF Cambodia. 2020. UNICEF Cambodia COVID-19 Response Situation Report 15 Mar &ndash; 22 Apr 2020. Accessed December 9, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-19\" href=\"#ref-15181860-19\">19<\/a><\/sup>, and not all Cambodian children are accessing schooling resources or finishing the entire video or program.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-20\" href=\"#ref-15181860-20\">20<\/a><\/sup> In Lao PDR, it was reported that during school closures, a third of students were not studying.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"World Vision Lao PDR. 2020. Impact of COVID-19: An early recovery assessment in the Lao PDR. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-21\" href=\"#ref-15181860-21\">21<\/a><\/sup> This reflects the limited availability of resources at home, and the limited support received by children, whether by parents or teachers.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"World Vision International Cambodia. 2020. Rapid Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 on Child Wellbeing in Cambodia Summary Report May 2020. Accessed December 9, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-22\" href=\"#ref-15181860-22\">22<\/a><\/sup> Limited teacher capacity, especially in regard to distance learning, has significantly impacted learning.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-23\" href=\"#ref-15181860-23\">23<\/a><\/sup> Less than a quarter of teachers in Cambodia assigned homework during school closures.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-24\" href=\"#ref-15181860-24\">24<\/a><\/sup> Further, some students have been unable to pay the high fees for tuition.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"See for example, in Thailand. The Nation Thailand. 2020. Thailand&rsquo;s economic, educational gap widens due to COVID-19 crisis. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-25\" href=\"#ref-15181860-25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Children living in remote areas and ethnic minority children have experienced further issues. Difficulties have increased in regard to student engagement for teachers in remote areas, who have limited access to technology and a limited ability to meet with students and teachers face-to-face.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-26\" href=\"#ref-15181860-26\">26<\/a><\/sup> Ethnic minority students, who disproportionately live in remote areas, may require education in a different language and have had their very limited options narrowed even further. In Cambodia, radio learning, with only some programs produced in a few ethnic minority languages, only reaches preschool to grade 3 children.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-27\" href=\"#ref-15181860-27\">27<\/a><\/sup> In Thailand, it is expected that students who do not speak much Thai may fall behind.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF Thailand. 2020. School reopening: How teachers and students are adjusting to the new normal in Thailand. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-28\" href=\"#ref-15181860-28\">28<\/a><\/sup> Ethnic minority students in some locations, such as in small communities in Thailand, have benefited from small-scale efforts by leaders in the community who have developed and hand-delivered learning kits to students.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF Thailand. 2020. School reopening: How teachers and students are adjusting to the new normal in Thailand. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-29\" href=\"#ref-15181860-29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Other marginalized students encountered challenges as well. In Thailand, migrant learning centres did not reopen in July, as the other schools did.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF Thailand. 2020. Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-30\" href=\"#ref-15181860-30\">30<\/a><\/sup> The centres were expected to reopen in October.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF Thailand. 2020. Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-31\" href=\"#ref-15181860-31\">31<\/a><\/sup> Travel restrictions have meant that students and teachers who have returned to their home countries cannot return to Thailand, whether to study or teach.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF Thailand. 2020. Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-32\" href=\"#ref-15181860-32\">32<\/a><\/sup> More limited in space than other schools, these learning centres have had trouble ensuring adherence to social distancing protocols<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF Thailand. 2020. Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-33\" href=\"#ref-15181860-33\">33<\/a><\/sup> and are limited in terms of basic hygiene supplies, like soap.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"UNICEF Thailand. 2020. Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-34\" href=\"#ref-15181860-34\">34<\/a><\/sup> In Vietnam, migrant students have been hampered by the administrative requirement of household registration, required for registering at school.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"FAO, ILO, IOM, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women and WHO. 2020. UN Analysis on Social Impacts of COVID-19 and Strategic Policy Recommendations for Viet Nam. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-35\" href=\"#ref-15181860-35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exp-col-content-holder\"><a class=\"expand-cnt-link\" href=\"#\">Impact of inequalities related to ICT<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"hidden-content\">\r\n<p class=\"hiddenContentp\">The shift to distance learning modalities has also highlighted additional inequalities specifically related to ICT. To begin with, some of the countries in the Mekong region are not fully electrified. Further, many marginalized families do not own radios or TVs, let alone cable boxes, satellites, and computers. In Cambodia, more than half of all rural households do not have a TV, and over 60% do not own a radio.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-36\" href=\"#ref-15181860-36\">36<\/a><\/sup> Satellite dishes and\/or cable boxes are required for the education television channels in all the countries that have developed such programmes.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-37\" href=\"#ref-15181860-37\">37<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Global Partnership GPE. 2020. Lao PDR &ndash; COVID-19 Response. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-38\" href=\"#ref-15181860-38\">38<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Suthida Chang. 2020. Thailand&rsquo;s COVID-19 Education Crisis. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-39\" href=\"#ref-15181860-39\">39<\/a><\/sup> Despite a recent increase in internet access, many children still do not have regular access to internet<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-40\" href=\"#ref-15181860-40\">40<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education and Sports. 2020. Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan. Accessed November 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-41\" href=\"#ref-15181860-41\">41<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Caitlin Ashworth. 2020. Schools advised to improve online learning in case of second COVID-19 outbreak. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-42\" href=\"#ref-15181860-42\">42<\/a><\/sup>, whether due to a lack of infrastructure<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"FAO, ILO, IOM, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women and WHO. 2020. UN Analysis on Social Impacts of COVID-19 and Strategic Policy Recommendations for Viet Nam. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-43\" href=\"#ref-15181860-43\">43<\/a><\/sup> or due to its cost<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-44\" href=\"#ref-15181860-44\">44<\/a><\/sup>. In particular, the difficult physical geography in rural and remote areas in all Mekong countries has meant that ICT infrastructure is less likely to exist in these areas.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"OECD. 2019. Southeast Asia Going Digital: Connecting SMEs. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-45\" href=\"#ref-15181860-45\">45<\/a><\/sup> For example, in Vietnam, students in remote and mountainous areas, which are primarily populated by ethnic minorities, have very limited internet access, and neither students nor teachers have smartphones.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Rana Flowers. 2020. Ethnic minority education in Vietnam: Challenges and opportunities during COVID-19 outbreak. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-46\" href=\"#ref-15181860-46\">46<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/4124208\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/4069233\" data-url=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/4069233\/embed\" aria-label=\"\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<iframe id=\"datawrapper-chart-JE4SJ\" title=\"Percent of population using the internet in the Lower Mekong Countries\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/JE4SJ\/1\/\" aria-label=\"chart\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var e in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var t=document.getElementById(\"datawrapper-chart-\"+e)||document.querySelector(\"iframe[src*='\"+e+\"']\");t&&(t.style.height=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][e]+\"px\")}}))}();\r\n<\/script><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exp-col-content-holder\"><a class=\"expand-cnt-link\" href=\"#\">The digital divide during the pandemic<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"hidden-content\">\r\n<p class=\"hiddenContentp\">This digital divide has hampered learning during the pandemic. Remote learning opportunities are not accessible by all, and it is expected that it will primarily impact the most vulnerable children &ndash; those from ethnic minorities, children with disabilities, children struggling to learn, children in hard-to-reach communities, and girls.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education and Sports. 2020. Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan. Accessed November 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-47\" href=\"#ref-15181860-47\">47<\/a><\/sup> Potential reasons include lack of access to the internet, an inability to access the equipment, or because learning modalities do not meet needs.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Ministry of Education and Sports. 2020. Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan. Accessed November 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-48\" href=\"#ref-15181860-48\">48<\/a><\/sup> For example, even though there is high smartphone access in the remote Northeast of Cambodia, only half of students reported having access to the internet through their smartphones.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"CARE International and Plan International Cambodia. 2020. Rapid Assessment of COVID-19 Impacts on Girls Education in Northeast Provinces (Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Stung Treng). Accessed December 9, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-49\" href=\"#ref-15181860-49\">49<\/a><\/sup> Even TV programs are inaccessible, as they may require a digital cable box, which rural students are less likely to have.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Suthida Chang. 2020. Thailand&rsquo;s COVID-19 Education Crisis. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-50\" href=\"#ref-15181860-50\">50<\/a><\/sup> Even if digital access is within economic reach, infrastructure issues remain: poor wifi or reception, as well as limited access to computers for students during lockdown, limited learning even in countries with better ICT infrastructure like Thailand.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Caitlin Ashworth. 2020. Schools advised to improve online learning in case of second COVID-19 outbreak. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-51\" href=\"#ref-15181860-51\">51<\/a><\/sup> Similarly, an analysis by UNICEF indicated that distance learning programs in Vietnam did not reach the whole country, due to the digital divide between urban and rural Vietnam, despite the country being one in the region with comparatively well-developed ICT infrastructure.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"FAO, ILO, IOM, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women and WHO. 2020. UN Analysis on Social Impacts of COVID-19 and Strategic Policy Recommendations for Viet Nam. Accessed November 11, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-52\" href=\"#ref-15181860-52\">52<\/a><\/sup> While the internet shutdown in certain states in Myanmar was lifted in February 2021,<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Kang Wen Chern. 2021. Telenor Myanmar reinstates internet services in Rakhine, Chin. Accessed February 18, 2021.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-53\" href=\"#ref-15181860-53\">53<\/a><\/sup> recent actions by the military junta have severely restricted the internet nationally.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"exp-col-content-holder\"><a class=\"expand-cnt-link\" href=\"#\">Low ICT skill and digital literacy<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"hidden-content\">\r\n<p class=\"hiddenContentp\">Along with these limitations in access to ICT, the Mekong region is characterized by low ICT skill across all populations. Low digital skill level in educators<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Suthida Chang. 2020. Thailand&rsquo;s COVID-19 Education Crisis. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-54\" href=\"#ref-15181860-54\">54<\/a><\/sup>, which some reports estimate as upwards of 50% even in Thailand<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"Tan Hui Yee. 2020. Pandemic forced Thai teachers to acquire digital skills: Minister. Accessed December 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-55\" href=\"#ref-15181860-55\">55<\/a><\/sup>, has hampered learning. So has low digital literacy.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"See for example, in Lao PDR. Ministry of Education and Sports. 2020. Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan. Accessed November 10, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-56\" href=\"#ref-15181860-56\">56<\/a><\/sup> For example, in Cambodia, children in Northeastern provinces (Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri and Stung Treng, where about 50% of students are ethnic minorities) report that low digital literacy, especially for older teachers, is hampering e-learning.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"CARE International and Plan International Cambodia. 2020. Rapid Assessment of COVID-19 Impacts on Girls Education in Northeast Provinces (Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Stung Treng). Accessed December 9, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-57\" href=\"#ref-15181860-57\">57<\/a><\/sup> There is limited teacher pedagogical and ICT capacity and commitment, even though e-learning materials have been made available.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"CARE International and Plan International Cambodia. 2020. Rapid Assessment of COVID-19 Impacts on Girls Education in Northeast Provinces (Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Stung Treng). Accessed December 9, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-58\" href=\"#ref-15181860-58\">58<\/a><\/sup> Digital skill and fluency in students is also an issue, and this is an issue that is more likely to impact marginalized students. For instance, Cambodian ethnic minorities reported lower self-assessments of digital familiarity and confidence.<sup><a class=\"reference_footnote\" title=\"CARE International and Plan International Cambodia. 2020. Rapid Assessment of COVID-19 Impacts on Girls Education in Northeast Provinces (Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Stung Treng). Accessed December 9, 2020.\" id=\"return-note-15181860-59\" href=\"#ref-15181860-59\">59<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/3792209\" data-url=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/3792209\/embed\" aria-label=\"\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/4008350\" data-url=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/4008350\/embed\" aria-label=\"\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=UTF-8\"><\/body><\/html>\n<div class=\"reference-footnote\"><h4 id=\"reference-notes\">References<\/h4><ul id=\"reference-list\"><li id=\"ref-15181860-1\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-1\">1<\/a>. UNICEF. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/laos\/media\/3891\/file\/Lao%20PDR%20Education%20COVID-19%20Response%20Plan.pdf\"> Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan<\/a>. Accessed September 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-2\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-2\">2<\/a>. Suthida Chang. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/thegeopolitics.com\/thailands-covid-19-education-crisis\/\">Thailand&rsquo;s COVID-19 Education Crisis<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-3\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-3\">3<\/a>. UNICEF. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/laos\/media\/3891\/file\/Lao%20PDR%20Education%20COVID-19%20Response%20Plan.pdf\"> Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan<\/a>. Accessed September 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-4\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-4\">4<\/a>. Rattana Lao. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/opinion\/opinion\/1910956\/pandemic-is-exposing-the-gaps-in-thai-education\">Pandemic is exposing the gaps in Thai education<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-5\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-5\">5<\/a>. UNESCO. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.education-inequalities.org\/indicators\/literacy_1524#?sort=sex%3AFemale&amp;dimension=all&amp;group=all&amp;age_group=literacy_1524&amp;countries=%7CKHM%7CLAO%7CTHA%7CVNM\">World Inequalities Database on Education<\/a>. Accessed December 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-6\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-6\">6<\/a>. UNESCO. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.education-inequalities.org\/indicators\/comp_upsec_v2#?sort=mean&amp;dimension=all&amp;group=all&amp;age_group=comp_upsec_v2&amp;countries=%7CKHM%7CLAO%7CMMR%7CTHA%7CVNM\"> Worldwide Inequalities Database in Education<\/a>. Accessed December 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-7\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-7\">7<\/a>. UNESCO. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.education-inequalities.org\/indicators\/comp_upsec_v2#?sort=mean&amp;dimension=all&amp;group=all&amp;age_group=comp_upsec_v2&amp;countries=%7CKHM%7CLAO%7CMMR%7CTHA%7CVNM\"> Worldwide Inequalities Database in Education<\/a>. Accessed December 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-8\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-8\">8<\/a>. UNESCO. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.education-inequalities.org\/indicators\/comp_upsec_v2#?sort=mean&amp;dimension=all&amp;group=all&amp;age_group=comp_upsec_v2&amp;countries=%7CKHM%7CLAO%7CMMR%7CTHA%7CVNM\"> Worldwide Inequalities Database in Education<\/a>. Accessed December 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-9\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-9\">9<\/a>. UNESCO. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.education-inequalities.org\/indicators\/comp_upsec_v2#?sort=mean&amp;dimension=all&amp;group=all&amp;age_group=comp_upsec_v2&amp;countries=%7CKHM%7CLAO%7CMMR%7CTHA%7CVNM\"> Worldwide Inequalities Database in Education<\/a>. Accessed December 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-10\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-10\">10<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-11\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-11\">11<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-12\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-12\">12<\/a>. Harriet Grant. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/sep\/07\/why-covid-school-closures-are-making-girls-marry-early\"> Why Covid school closures are making girls marry early<\/a>. Accessed September 14, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-13\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-13\">13<\/a>. Open Development Mekong. <a href=\"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/topics\/sdg4-quality-education\/\">SDG 4 Quality Education<\/a>. Accessed November 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-14\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-14\">14<\/a>. Open Development Mekong. <a href=\"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/topics\/sdg4-quality-education\/\">SDG 4 Quality Education<\/a>. Accessed November 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-15\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-15\">15<\/a>. Le Thi Hong Giang and Ngo Thi Thanh Huong. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/careevaluations.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Viet-Nam-RGA-report_final.pdf\">CARE Rapid Gender Analysis for COVID-19 Vietnam<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-16\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-16\">16<\/a>. UNESCO. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.education-inequalities.org\/indicators\/edu4#?sort=mean&amp;dimension=region&amp;group=all&amp;age_group=edu4_2024&amp;countries=%7CKHM%7CLAO%7CMMR%7CTHA%7CVNM\"> Worldwide Inequaities Database in Education<\/a>. Accessed December 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-17\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-17\">17<\/a>. UNESCO. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.education-inequalities.org\/indicators\/comp_upsec_v2#?sort=mean&amp;dimension=all&amp;group=all&amp;age_group=comp_upsec_v2&amp;countries=%7CKHM%7CLAO%7CMMR%7CTHA%7CVNM\"> Worldwide Inequaities Database in Education<\/a>. Accessed December 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-18\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-18\">18<\/a>. UNESCO. 2020.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.education-inequalities.org\/indicators\/comp_upsec_v2#?sort=mean&amp;dimension=all&amp;group=all&amp;age_group=comp_upsec_v2&amp;countries=%7CKHM%7CLAO%7CMMR%7CTHA%7CVNM\"> Worldwide Inequaities Database in Education<\/a>. Accessed December 15, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-19\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-19\">19<\/a>. UNICEF Cambodia. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/cambodia\/documents\/unicef-cambodia-covid-19-situation-report\">UNICEF Cambodia COVID-19 Response Situation Report 15 Mar &ndash; 22 Apr 2020<\/a>. Accessed December 9, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-20\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-20\">20<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-21\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-21\">21<\/a>. World Vision Lao PDR. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wvi.org\/publications\/laos\/impact-covid-19-early-recovery-assessment-lao-pdr\">Impact of COVID-19: An early recovery assessment in the Lao PDR<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-22\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-22\">22<\/a>. World Vision International Cambodia. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/cambodia\/rapid-assessment-impact-covid-19-child-wellbeing-cambodia-summary-report-may-2020\">Rapid Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 on Child Wellbeing in Cambodia Summary Report May 2020<\/a>. Accessed December 9, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-23\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-23\">23<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-24\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-24\">24<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-25\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-25\">25<\/a>. See for example, in Thailand. The Nation Thailand. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationthailand.com\/news\/30393201\">Thailand&rsquo;s economic, educational gap widens due to COVID-19 crisis<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-26\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-26\">26<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-27\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-27\">27<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-28\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-28\">28<\/a>. UNICEF Thailand. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/thailand\/stories\/school-reopening-how-teachers-and-students-are-adjusting-new-normal-thailand\">School reopening: How teachers and students are adjusting to the new normal in Thailand<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-29\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-29\">29<\/a>. UNICEF Thailand. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/thailand\/stories\/school-reopening-how-teachers-and-students-are-adjusting-new-normal-thailand\">School reopening: How teachers and students are adjusting to the new normal in Thailand<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-30\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-30\">30<\/a>. UNICEF Thailand. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/thailand\/stories\/children-and-teachers-migrant-learning-centres-face-challenges-due-covid-19\">Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-31\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-31\">31<\/a>. UNICEF Thailand. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/thailand\/stories\/children-and-teachers-migrant-learning-centres-face-challenges-due-covid-19\">Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-32\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-32\">32<\/a>. UNICEF Thailand. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/thailand\/stories\/children-and-teachers-migrant-learning-centres-face-challenges-due-covid-19\">Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-33\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-33\">33<\/a>. UNICEF Thailand. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/thailand\/stories\/children-and-teachers-migrant-learning-centres-face-challenges-due-covid-19\">Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-34\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-34\">34<\/a>. UNICEF Thailand. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/thailand\/stories\/children-and-teachers-migrant-learning-centres-face-challenges-due-covid-19\">Children and teachers in migrant learning centres face challenges due to COVID-19<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-35\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-35\">35<\/a>. FAO, ILO, IOM, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women and WHO. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/vietnam\/media\/5996\/file\/UN%20analysis%20on%20social%20impacts%20of%20COVID-19%20and%20strategic%20policy%20recommendations%20for%20Viet%20Nam.pdf\">UN Analysis on Social Impacts of COVID-19 and Strategic Policy Recommendations for Viet Nam<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-36\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-36\">36<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-37\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-37\">37<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. 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FAO, ILO, IOM, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women and WHO. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/vietnam\/media\/5996\/file\/UN%20analysis%20on%20social%20impacts%20of%20COVID-19%20and%20strategic%20policy%20recommendations%20for%20Viet%20Nam.pdf\">UN Analysis on Social Impacts of COVID-19 and Strategic Policy Recommendations for Viet Nam<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-44\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-44\">44<\/a>. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. 2020. <a href=\"http:\/\/moeys.gov.kh\/index.php\/en\/planning\/3858.html\">Cambodia Education Response Plan to the COVID-19 Pandemic<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-45\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-45\">45<\/a>. OECD. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/going-digital\/southeast-asia-connecting-SMEs.pdf\">Southeast Asia Going Digital: Connecting SMEs<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-46\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-46\">46<\/a>. Rana Flowers. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/vietnam\/stories\/ethnic-minority-education-viet-nam-challenges-and-opportunities-during-covid-19-outbreak\">Ethnic minority education in Vietnam: Challenges and opportunities during COVID-19 outbreak<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-47\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-47\">47<\/a>. Ministry of Education and Sports. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/laos\/media\/3891\/file\/Lao%20PDR%20Education%20COVID-19%20Response%20Plan.pdf\">Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan<\/a>. Accessed November 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-48\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-48\">48<\/a>. Ministry of Education and Sports. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/laos\/media\/3891\/file\/Lao%20PDR%20Education%20COVID-19%20Response%20Plan.pdf\">Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan<\/a>. Accessed November 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-49\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-49\">49<\/a>. CARE International and Plan International Cambodia. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/aseansafeschoolsinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rapid-Education-Needs-Assessment-Plan-CARE-FINAL.pdf\">Rapid Assessment of COVID-19 Impacts on Girls Education in Northeast Provinces (Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Stung Treng)<\/a>. Accessed December 9, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-50\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-50\">50<\/a>. Suthida Chang. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/thegeopolitics.com\/thailands-covid-19-education-crisis\/\">Thailand&rsquo;s COVID-19 Education Crisis<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-51\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-51\">51<\/a>. Caitlin Ashworth. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/thethaiger.com\/news\/national\/schools-advised-to-improve-online-learning-in-case-of-second-covid-19-outbreak\">Schools advised to improve online learning in case of second COVID-19 outbreak<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-52\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-52\">52<\/a>. FAO, ILO, IOM, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women and WHO. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/vietnam\/media\/5996\/file\/UN%20analysis%20on%20social%20impacts%20of%20COVID-19%20and%20strategic%20policy%20recommendations%20for%20Viet%20Nam.pdf\">UN Analysis on Social Impacts of COVID-19 and Strategic Policy Recommendations for Viet Nam<\/a>. Accessed November 11, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-53\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-53\">53<\/a>. Kang Wen Chern. 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mmtimes.com\/news\/telenor-myanmar-reinstates-internet-services-rakhine-chin.html\">Telenor Myanmar reinstates internet services in Rakhine, Chin<\/a>. Accessed February 18, 2021.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-54\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-54\">54<\/a>. Suthida Chang. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/thegeopolitics.com\/thailands-covid-19-education-crisis\/\">Thailand&rsquo;s COVID-19 Education Crisis<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-55\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-55\">55<\/a>. Tan Hui Yee. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/asia\/se-asia\/pandemic-forced-thai-teachers-to-acquire-digital-skills-minister\">Pandemic forced Thai teachers to acquire digital skills: Minister<\/a>. Accessed December 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-56\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-56\">56<\/a>. See for example, in Lao PDR. Ministry of Education and Sports. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/laos\/media\/3891\/file\/Lao%20PDR%20Education%20COVID-19%20Response%20Plan.pdf\">Lao PDR Education COVID-19 Response Plan<\/a>. Accessed November 10, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-57\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-57\">57<\/a>. CARE International and Plan International Cambodia. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/aseansafeschoolsinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rapid-Education-Needs-Assessment-Plan-CARE-FINAL.pdf\">Rapid Assessment of COVID-19 Impacts on Girls Education in Northeast Provinces (Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Stung Treng)<\/a>. Accessed December 9, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-58\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-58\">58<\/a>. CARE International and Plan International Cambodia. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/aseansafeschoolsinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rapid-Education-Needs-Assessment-Plan-CARE-FINAL.pdf\">Rapid Assessment of COVID-19 Impacts on Girls Education in Northeast Provinces (Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Stung Treng)<\/a>. Accessed December 9, 2020.<\/li><li id=\"ref-15181860-59\">\n                          <a href=\"#return-note-15181860-59\">59<\/a>. CARE International and Plan International Cambodia. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/aseansafeschoolsinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rapid-Education-Needs-Assessment-Plan-CARE-FINAL.pdf\">Rapid Assessment of COVID-19 Impacts on Girls Education in Northeast Provinces (Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Stung Treng)<\/a>. Accessed December 9, 2020.<\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Overview Long-standing issues have impacted the education systems of the Mekong region. At the core, the systems themselves are poor, from the infrastructure to the materials to the teacher training and capacity, particularly in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. Not all schools have handwashing facilities and electricity, and learning resources &ndash; textbooks, pencils, and notebooks [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":81,"featured_media":0,"parent":15181850,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15181860"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/81"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15181860"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15181860\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15181973,"href":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15181860\/revisions\/15181973"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15181850"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opendevelopmentmekong.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15181860"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}